I've been in this situation before, but I was able to get it sorted.
I had 2-step verification on, but I lost my phone-it was broken-and could not get into my Gmail account by using Google's "Authenticator" app.
It does not matter whether you are using the Google app or any other 2-step verification app like Authy, etc., or a phone number.
If you can't access 2-step verification/2-step verification, forget about it and seek other means to recover the account.
Google or an AI bot or whatever will tell you that you have to go through "recovery steps" and if you can't, then there is nothing they can do. At least, that's what they told me.
My solution was to contact Gmail's live chat support.
They were the only ones who could guide me on how to bypass these "steps" that seemed almost impossible to me.
So if you need help with this, contact live support "here".
Chat provided by JA.
You can get a demo account, just go to this link and the page will open a chat window.
Explain everything you know about why you can't sign in/verify, what happened with 2-step verification, etc.
You will be asked to create the account.
Then you will be connected to a support representative.
No need to wait, just get a Gmail expert/human on the other end ready to answer all your questions and guide you through the steps, based on their expertise.
How do I verify my Google Account without my old phone?