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EC-COUNCIL Certified Encryption Specialist Sample Questions (Q195-Q200):NEW QUESTION # 195
What is a salt?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Random bits intermixed with a hash to increase randomness and reduce collisions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)
Salt is random data that is used as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. Salts are used to safeguard passwords in storage. Historically a password was stored in plaintext on a system, but over time additional safeguards were developed to protect a user's password against being read from the system. A salt is one of those methods.
Incorrect answers:
Key whitening - a technique used to increase the security of block ciphers. It consists of steps that combine the data with portions of the key (most commonly using a simple XOR) before the first round and after the last round of encryption.
Key rotation - is when you retire an encryption key and replace that old key by generating a new cryptographic key. Rotating keys on a regular basis help meet industry standards and cryptographic best practices.
Random bits intermixed with a symmetric cipher to increase randomness and make it more secure - Initialization Vector (IV)
NEW QUESTION # 196
A 160-bit hash algorithm developed by Hans Dobbertin, Antoon Bosselaers, and Bart Preneel for which there are 128, 256 and 320-bit versions is called what?
Answer: D
Explanation:
RIPEMD
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIPEMD
RIPEMD (RIPE Message Digest) is a family of cryptographic hash functions developed in 1992 (the original RIPEMD) and 1996 (other variants). There are five functions in the family: RIPEMD, RIPEMD-128, RIPEMD-160, RIPEMD-256, and RIPEMD-320, of which RIPEMD-160 is the most common.
The original RIPEMD, as well as RIPEMD-128, is not considered secure because 128-bit result is too small and also (for the original RIPEMD) because of design weaknesses. The 256- and 320-bit versions of RIPEMD provide the same level of security as RIPEMD-128 and RIPEMD-160, respectively; they are designed for applications where the security level is sufficient but longer hash result is necessary.
NEW QUESTION # 197
Which of the following Secure Hashing Algorithm (SHA) produces a 160-bit digest from a message with a maximum length of (264-1) bits and resembles the MD5 algorithm?
Answer: C
Explanation:
SHA-1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1
SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) is a cryptographic hash function which takes an input and produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value known as a message digest - typically rendered as a hexadecimal number, 40 digits long. It was designed by the United States National Security Agency, and is a U.S. Federal Information Processing Standard.
SHA-1 produces a message digest based on principles similar to those used by Ronald
L. Rivest of MIT in the design of the MD2, MD4 and MD5 message digest algorithms, but generates a larger hash value (160 bits vs. 128 bits).
NEW QUESTION # 198
The Clipper chip is notable in the history of cryptography for many reasons. First, it was designed for civilian used secure phones. Secondly, it was designed to use a very specific symmetric cipher. Which one of the following was originally designed to provide built-in cryptography for the Clipper chip?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Skipjack
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper_chip
The Clipper chip was a chipset that was developed and promoted by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) as an encryption device that secured "voice and data messages" with a built-in backdoor that was intended to "allow Federal, State, and local law enforcement officials the ability to decode intercepted voice and data transmissions.". It was intended to be adopted by telecommunications companies for voice transmission. Introduced in 1993, it was entirely defunct by 1996.
he Clipper chip used a data encryption algorithm called Skipjack to transmit information and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange-algorithm to distribute the cryptokeys between the peers. Skipjack was invented by the National Security Agency of the U.S. Government; this algorithm was initially classified SECRET, which prevented it from being subjected to peer review from the encryption research community. The government did state that it used an 80-bit key, that the algorithm was symmetric, and that it was similar to the DES algorithm. The Skipjack algorithm was declassified and published by the NSA on June 24, 1998. The initial cost of the chips was said to be $16 (unprogrammed) or $26 (programmed), with its logic designed by Mykotronx, and fabricated by VLSI Technology, Inc (see the VLSI logo on the image on this page).
NEW QUESTION # 199
Which one of the following are characteristics of a hash function? (Choose two)
Answer: C,E
Explanation:
Correct answers: One-way, Fixed length output
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function
A cryptographic hash function is a mathematical algorithm that maps data of arbitrary size (often called the "message") to a bit array of a fixed size (the "hash value", "hash", or "message digest"). It is a one-way function, that is, a function which is practically infeasible to invert.
Incorrect answers:
Symmetric. Cryptographic algorithms can be categorized into three classes: Hash functions, Symmetric and Asymmetric algorithms. Differences: purpose and main fields of application.
Requires a key. Well, technically, this is the correct answer. But in the hash-function, "key" is input data.
Fast. Fast or slow is a subjective characteristic, there are many different algorithms, and here it is impossible to say this unambiguously like "Symmetric encryption is generally faster than asymmetric encryption."
NEW QUESTION # 200
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