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EC-COUNCIL 212-81 Exam Syllabus Topics:TopicDetailsTopic 1Number Theory and Asymmetric Cryptography Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)Topic 2Symmetric Cryptography & Hashes Single Substitution WeaknessesTopic 3International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) History of CryptographyTopic 4Birthday Paradox: Probability Mono-Alphabet SubstitutionTopic 5Cracking Modern Cryptography Example of Symmetric Stream Ciphers: PIKETopic 6Server-based Certificate Validation Protocol Classification of Random Number GeneratorTopic 7Symmetric Block Cipher Algorithms Basic Facts of the Feistel FunctionTopic 8Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) National Security Agency and CryptographyTopic 9Cracking Modern Cryptography: Ciphertext-only and Related-key Attack Cracking Modern Cryptography: Chosen Plaintext AttackEC-COUNCIL Certified Encryption Specialist Sample Questions (Q90-Q95):
NEW QUESTION # 90
Frank is trying to break into an encrypted file... He is attempting all the possible keys that could be used for this algorithm. Attempting to crack encryption by simply trying as many randomly generated keys as possible is referred to as what?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Brute force
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute-force_attack
Brute-force attack consists of an attacker submitting many passwords or passphrases with the hope of eventually guessing correctly. The attacker systematically checks all possible passwords and passphrases until the correct one is found. Alternatively, the attacker can attempt to guess the key which is typically created from the password using a key derivation function. This is known as an exhaustive key search.
Incorrect answers:
Kasiski - Kasiski examination (also referred to as Kasiski's test or Kasiski's method) is a method of attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers, such as the Vigenere cipher. It was first published by Friedrich Kasiski in 1863, but seems to have been independently discovered by Charles Babbage as early as 1846.
Rainbow table - is a precomputed table for caching the output of cryptographic hash functions, usually for cracking password hashes. Tables are usually used in recovering a key derivation function (or credit card numbers, etc.) up to a certain length consisting of a limited set of characters. It is a practical example of a space-time tradeoff, using less computer processing time and more storage than a brute-force attack which calculates a hash on every attempt, but more processing time and less storage than a simple key derivation function with one entry per hash. Use of a key derivation that employs a salt makes this attack infeasible.
Frequency analysis - (also known as counting letters) is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext. The method is used as an aid to breaking classical ciphers.
NEW QUESTION # 91
Which of the following statements is most true regarding binary operations and encryption?
Answer: B
Explanation:
They can form a part of viable encryption methods
for example - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOR_cipher
The XOR operator is extremely common as a component in more complex ciphers. By itself, using a constant repeating key, a simple XOR cipher can trivially be broken using frequency analysis. If the content of any message can be guessed or otherwise known then the key can be revealed. Its primary merit is that it is simple to implement, and that the XOR operation is computationally inexpensive. A simple repeating XOR (i.e. using the same key for xor operation on the whole data) cipher is therefore sometimes used for hiding information in cases where no particular security is required. The XOR cipher is often used in computer malware to make reverse engineering more difficult.
NEW QUESTION # 92
You have been tasked with selecting a digital certificate standard for your company to use. Which one of the following was an international standard for the format and information contained in a digital certificate?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.509E. 509 is a standard defining the format of public key certificates. X.509 certificates are used in many Internet protocols, including TLS/SSL, which is the basis for HTTPS, the secure protocol for browsing the web. They are also used in offline applications, like electronic signatures. An X.509 certificate contains a public key and an identity (a hostname, or an organization, or an individual), and is either signed by a certificate authority or self-signed. When a certificate is signed by a trusted certificate authority, or validated by other means, someone holding that certificate can rely on the public key it contains to establish secure communications with another party, or validate documents digitally signed by the corresponding private key.F. CRL
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 93
A measure of the uncertainty associated with a random variable.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Entropy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)
In information theory, the entropy of a random variable is the average level of "information", "surprise", or "uncertainty" inherent in the variable's possible outcomes. The concept of information entropy was introduced by Claude Shannon in his 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication".
Incorrect answers:
Diffusion - transposition processes used in encryption functions to increase randomness.
Whitening - technique intended to increase the security of an iterated block cipher. It consists of steps that combine the data with portions of the key.
Collision - situation where two different inputs yield the same output.
NEW QUESTION # 94
A list of certificates that have been revoked.
Answer: C
Explanation:
CRL
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_revocation_list
In cryptography, a certificate revocation list (or CRL) is "a list of digital certificates that have been revoked by the issuing certificate authority (CA) before their scheduled expiration date and should no longer be trusted".
Incorrect answers:
PCBC - the propagating cipher block chaining or plaintext cipher-block chaining mode was designed to cause small changes in the ciphertext to propagate indefinitely when decrypting, as well as when encrypting. In PCBC mode, each block of plaintext is XORed with both the previous plaintext block and the previous ciphertext block before being encrypted. As with CBC mode, an initialization vector is used in the first block.
CA - certificate authority or certification authority is an entity that issues digital certificates.
OCSP - The Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) is an Internet protocol used for obtaining the revocation status of an X.509 digital certificate. It is described in RFC 6960 and is on the Internet standards track. It was created as an alternative to certificate revocation lists (CRL), specifically addressing certain problems associated with using CRLs in a public key infrastructure (PKI).
NEW QUESTION # 95
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